• It was found that 30 to 50 percent of patients that received ECMO treatment under ACT monitoring experienced life-threatening bleeding due to continuous anticoagulation and platelet dysfunction (pre-2010) [1] 
• Systemic thromboembolism is a complication that is found in 70% of patients where 16% experience pulmonary embolism under ACT, PPT, and Circuit monitoring systems [2]
• ECMO thrombosis occurred in 22.9% of patients. Bleeding was present in 32.8% of patients and major bleeding was present in 27.9% of patients during treatment in 2021 [3]
• Hospital mortality of critically ill patients with severe cardiac and/or respiratory failure approached 50% along with hemorrhage rates of 4-10%. [4]

Data Table showing VV and VA ECMO in use, monitoring systems used, pump flow, ACT range, and duration of ECMO on 6 different patients  [3]