Parkinson’s disease is classified as a complex progressive neurodegenerative disorder [2].
The pathophysiology of Parkinson’s disease is caused by the loss of dopamine neurons from the
brain. When neurons break down inside the brain, the chemical known as dopamine is produced.
The part of the brain that Parkinson’s disease takes place in is the substantia nigra pars compacta
[3]. The substantia nigra pars compacta is the part of the basal ganglia in the brain which is
responsible for how the brain controls the body movements [4]. Due to this, the loss of dopamine
in the basal ganglia results in increased excitement in that part of the brain which causes
involuntary motor control and causes all the types of Parkinson’s disease symptoms. The
pathological cause of Parkinson disease is formed from the collection of alpha-synuclein. If
dopamine levels are low, it leads to abnormal brain activity which leads to these symptoms [5].
Parkinson’s disease consists of several non-motor disorders which arise that include
bradykinesia, resting tumors and rigidity [6]. There have been multiple processes that have been
involved in Parkinson’s disease which include but are not limited to mitochondrial dysfunction,
defective protein clearance mechanisms, and neuroinflammation [5]. The way that these factors
are linked to the cause of Parkinson’s disease is unknown [6].
