Because of the complexity of the joint and the TMJ’s poor healing capability, treating TMJ disorders is very challenging. Treatments often include a combination of pain medication, anti-inflammatories, stretching, or physical therapy and sometimes surgeries to rebalance the jaw [U.S. Department of Health and Human Services]. Splints and mouth guards are also used to help rebalance the jaw [U.S. Department of Health and Human Services]. There are a range of surgeries used to treat TMJ disorders. Arthrocentesis is a noninvasive procedure that injects fluid into the affected joint to remove debris and reduce inflammation [Mayo Clinic]. Corticosteroid injections can also be used to reduce inflammation and pain [Mayo Clinic]. Arthroscopy is a non-invasive surgery where an arthroscope is placed through a small tube, or cannula, and very small instruments are used to operate [Mayo Clinic]. The final surgery is open-joint surgery, or arthrotomy, a more traditional type of surgery where the joint is repaired or replaced entirely [Van Bellinghen]. Currently, the joint is often replaced by a two part 3D metallic prosthetic [Van Bellinghen]. Engineers have attempted to use other materials such as silicone implants, muscle flaps, and full-thickness skin grafts, however these did not improve patient outcomes [Van Bellinghen]. Unfortunately, all of the current treatments have limitations. Pain medication, anti-inflammatories, and muscle relaxants treat symptoms such as pain and inflammation, but do not resolve the underlying problem [Mayo Clinic]. Similar limitations exist with stretching and physical therapy [Mayo Clinic]. The current surgical options do not always restore full function and there is a high risk of ossified or fibrous adhesions forming, which can exacerbate pain and inflammation [Van Bellinghen]. Additionally, there are no clinical studies on the long-term effects on surgery to treat TMJ disorders [Van Bellinghen].